Evidence
Where every statement comes from
Register last reviewed 30 August 2026. Reviewer status for every entry is author review by Nadine Esposito. There has been no independent clinical, legal or actuarial review, and no clinical reviewer is claimed. Nothing on this site is clinically validated as a diagnostic or risk-assessment instrument.
Evidence categories are not equal
- Guideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement.
Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement.
- Supported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted.
Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted.
- Established financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment.
A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment.
- Jurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked.
Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked.
- Expert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation.
The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation.
- Evidence limited or developing— Weakest — interpretation. The evidence base is incomplete, contested or still emerging. Treat with particular caution.
The evidence base is incomplete, contested or still emerging. Treat with particular caution.
On the 2024 Lancet standing Commission on dementia: population-attributable risk estimates do not predict an individual's outcome and do not mean that addressing a factor guarantees dementia prevention.
Register by claim
One row per recommendation shown anywhere in the life-stage journey.
| Claim or recommendation | Life stage | Dimension | Source | Published | Population | Evidence type | Limitations | Last reviewed | Reviewer status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Build a movement pattern that includes both aerobic activity and resistance trainingGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 18–29 | Physical health | World Health Organization: Physical activity (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Adults and older adults, general population | Guideline / authority fact sheet | Population-level guidance. Individual capacity, conditions and medication may require adaptation with a clinician. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Know what your own early warning signs look like, and where support existsGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 18–29 | Mental health | World Health Organization: Mental health: strengthening our response (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | General population | Authority fact sheet | Not a diagnostic resource. Mental health difficulties need qualified assessment. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Invest in relationships that can survive relocation and job changesSupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 18–29 | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Treat skills and direction as an asset you are deliberately buildingExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 18–29 | Purpose | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Start saving regularly, however small the amount, and take any employer pension matchEstablished financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment. | 18–29 | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Decide what your time is actually being spent on before commitments multiplyExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 18–29 | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Learn how the pension, insurance and healthcare systems you are in actually workJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 18–29 | Enabling environment | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Protect sleep, activity and nutrition through the highest-pressure yearsGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 30–39 | Physical health | World Health Organization: Physical activity (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Adults and older adults, general population | Guideline / authority fact sheet | Population-level guidance. Individual capacity, conditions and medication may require adaptation with a clinician. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Name the load, and treat sustained overload as a health issue rather than a personality flawGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 30–39 | Mental health | World Health Organization: Mental health: strengthening our response (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | General population | Authority fact sheet | Not a diagnostic resource. Mental health difficulties need qualified assessment. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Maintain relationships outside the household deliberately, not opportunisticallySupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 30–39 | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Check whether the current trajectory is chosen or inheritedExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 30–39 | Purpose | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Increase savings as income rises, and protect the income itselfEstablished financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment. | 30–39 | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Price part-time work and career breaks jointly, in time and in pension termsEstablished financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment. | 30–39 | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Check what employment, parental and insurance systems actually provide before you rely on themJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 30–39 | Enabling environment | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Combine resistance training with aerobic activity, sleep and nutritionGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 40–49 | Physical health | World Health Organization: Physical activity (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Adults and older adults, general population | Guideline / authority fact sheet | Population-level guidance. Individual capacity, conditions and medication may require adaptation with a clinician. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Take cognitive and mood changes seriously rather than attributing them to ageGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 40–49 | Mental health | World Health Organization: Depressive disorder (depression) (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | General population | Authority fact sheet | Symptom descriptions are not a diagnosis; assessment and treatment require a clinician. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Keep at least one network that does not depend on your jobSupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 40–49 | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Review the assumptions the last decade was built onExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 40–49 | Purpose | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Test the plan against a materially longer life than the averageEstablished financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment. | 40–49 | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Recognise that time demands can come from two generations at onceExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 40–49 | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Put the basic legal and access documents in placeJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 40–49 | Enabling environment | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Address established risk factors and sensory function with a clinicianGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 50–59 | Physical health | World Health Organization: Hypertension (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Adults | Authority fact sheet | Diagnosis and treatment thresholds are clinical decisions and vary by guideline. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Treat menopause and other major health transitions as legitimate clinical topicsGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 50–59 | Mental health | World Health Organization: Menopause (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Women in perimenopause and after menopause | Authority fact sheet | Symptoms and treatment options vary widely; hormone and non-hormone therapy decisions require clinical assessment. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Build the relationships that a later transition will rely onSupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 50–59 | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Design what comes after full-time work before the date is setExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 50–59 | Purpose | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Identify gaps while they can still be closed, and map the irreversible decisions aheadEstablished financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment. | 50–59 | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Plan care time as explicitly as care moneyExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 50–59 | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Test your assumptions about access to care, not only the cost of careJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 50–59 | Enabling environment | World Health Organization: Age-friendly environments (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | Older adults and communities | Policy framework | Describes system-level conditions, not individual entitlements. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Keep strength, balance and aerobic activity in the week, adapted to current capacityGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 60–69 | Physical health | World Health Organization: Falls (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Older adults in particular | Authority fact sheet | Fall risk is multifactorial; assessment should be individual and clinically led. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Prepare for the identity change, not only the income changeGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 60–69 | Mental health | World Health Organization: Mental health: strengthening our response (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | General population | Authority fact sheet | Not a diagnostic resource. Mental health difficulties need qualified assessment. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Replace work-based contact deliberatelySupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 60–69 | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Choose commitments that survive a bad weekExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 60–69 | Purpose | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Work through the pension-versus-capital and timing decisions carefullyEstablished financial-planning principle— Moderate evidence. A widely accepted planning principle rather than a research finding. It is not a personal recommendation or a suitability assessment. | 60–69 | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Give the week a shape before it fills itselfExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 60–69 | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Confirm that documents, authorities and health cover match your new situationJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 60–69 | Enabling environment | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Assess and address vision, hearing and oral-health needsSupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 70–79 | Physical health | The Lancet (Lancet standing Commission on dementia prevention, intervention and care): Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (opens in a new tab) | 2024 | Population-level analyses, varied cohorts and settings | Commission report synthesising trials and observational studies | Population-attributable risk estimates do not predict an individual's outcome and do not mean that addressing a factor guarantees dementia prevention. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Ask about medication review rather than making changes yourselfGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 70–79 | Mental health | World Health Organization: Integrated care for older people (ICOPE): guidance for person-centred assessment and pathways in primary care (opens in a new tab) | 2019 | Older adults in primary care | Clinical guidance | Intended for trained health workers; not a consumer screening tool. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Keep contact regular and practical, not occasionalSupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 70–79 | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Keep contributing in a form that fits current capacityExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 70–79 | Purpose | World Health Organization: Ageing and health (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab) | Fact sheet, periodically updated | Older adults, general population | Authority overview | Describes population patterns; says nothing about an individual's trajectory. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Simplify accounts and arrange formally authorised accessJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 70–79 | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Protect energy for what matters most in the weekExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 70–79 | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Check that housing, transport and care access still fitJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 70–79 | Enabling environment | World Health Organization: Age-friendly environments (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | Older adults and communities | Policy framework | Describes system-level conditions, not individual entitlements. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Focus on function, mobility, nutrition and fall preventionGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 80+ | Physical health | World Health Organization: Integrated care for older people (ICOPE): guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity (opens in a new tab) | 2017 | Older adults in community settings | Clinical guideline | Designed for care systems and clinicians; not a self-assessment instrument. Implementation varies by country. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Distinguish treatable causes from assumed declineGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 80+ | Mental health | World Health Organization: Integrated care for older people (ICOPE): guidance for person-centred assessment and pathways in primary care (opens in a new tab) | 2019 | Older adults in primary care | Clinical guidance | Intended for trained health workers; not a consumer screening tool. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Keep visible, regular contact with a small reliable circleSupported mainly by observational evidence— Moderate evidence. Associations observed in populations. Association is not causation, and effects on an individual cannot be predicted. | 80+ | Social health | World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab) | Programme page, periodically updated | General population, with emphasis on older adults | Authority overview of largely observational evidence | Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Make what matters most explicit, and write it downGuideline-supported— Stronger evidence. Reflects a recommendation published by a recognised health authority. Guidelines are population-level and still need individual clinical judgement. | 80+ | Purpose | World Health Organization: Integrated care for older people (ICOPE): guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity (opens in a new tab) | 2017 | Older adults in community settings | Clinical guideline | Designed for care systems and clinicians; not a self-assessment instrument. Implementation varies by country. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Keep arrangements simple, protected and formally authorisedJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 80+ | Financial health | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Spend limited energy on what you value, and let coordination absorb the restExpert framework interpretation— Weakest — interpretation. The author's structuring of the topic within the Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework. It is a reflection prompt, not a verified recommendation. | 80+ | Time | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
| Allocate coordination responsibilities clearly, with formal authorityJurisdiction-dependent— Moderate evidence. Depends on the rules of a specific country, canton, scheme or contract. Rules change; current rules must be checked. | 80+ | Enabling environment | Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic) | 2026 | General adult audience | Framework interpretation and planning principle | Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only. | 30 August 2026 | Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review. |
Source catalogue
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Physical activity (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Adults and older adults, general population
- Evidence type:
- Guideline / authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Population-level guidance. Individual capacity, conditions and medication may require adaptation with a clinician.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Healthy diet (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population
- Evidence type:
- Guideline / authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- General dietary guidance; clinical conditions require individual dietetic or medical input.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Tobacco (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population
- Evidence type:
- Guideline / authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Cessation support and pharmacotherapy choices need individual clinical advice.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Ageing and health (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Older adults, general population
- Evidence type:
- Authority overview
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Describes population patterns; says nothing about an individual's trajectory.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Integrated care for older people (ICOPE): guidelines on community-level interventions to manage declines in intrinsic capacity (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- 2017
- Population:
- Older adults in community settings
- Evidence type:
- Clinical guideline
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Designed for care systems and clinicians; not a self-assessment instrument. Implementation varies by country.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Integrated care for older people (ICOPE): guidance for person-centred assessment and pathways in primary care (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- 2019
- Population:
- Older adults in primary care
- Evidence type:
- Clinical guidance
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Intended for trained health workers; not a consumer screening tool.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Mental health: strengthening our response (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Not a diagnostic resource. Mental health difficulties need qualified assessment.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Depressive disorder (depression) (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Symptom descriptions are not a diagnosis; assessment and treatment require a clinician.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Oral health (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Links between oral disease and other conditions are largely observational; treatment needs dental assessment.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Deafness and hearing loss (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population, including older adults
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Hearing assessment and device decisions require an audiologist or physician.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Dementia (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population, older adults
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Risk reduction is not prevention. No individual outcome can be promised.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
The Lancet (Lancet standing Commission on dementia prevention, intervention and care)
The Lancet (Lancet standing Commission on dementia prevention, intervention and care): Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- 2024
- Population:
- Population-level analyses, varied cohorts and settings
- Evidence type:
- Commission report synthesising trials and observational studies
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Population-attributable risk estimates do not predict an individual's outcome and do not mean that addressing a factor guarantees dementia prevention.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Menopause (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Women in perimenopause and after menopause
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Symptoms and treatment options vary widely; hormone and non-hormone therapy decisions require clinical assessment.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Falls (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Older adults in particular
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Fall risk is multifactorial; assessment should be individual and clinically led.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Social isolation and loneliness (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Programme page, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population, with emphasis on older adults
- Evidence type:
- Authority overview of largely observational evidence
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Associations between isolation and health outcomes are observational. Social contact is not a treatment for illness.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Hypertension (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Adults
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Diagnosis and treatment thresholds are clinical decisions and vary by guideline.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Diabetes (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Adults
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Testing intervals and treatment are individual clinical decisions.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Cardiovascular diseases (fact sheet) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Fact sheet, periodically updated
- Population:
- Adults
- Evidence type:
- Authority fact sheet
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Risk assessment tools are population-based and require clinical interpretation.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Radiation: ultraviolet (UV) radiation — questions and answers (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Q&A, periodically updated
- Population:
- General population
- Evidence type:
- Authority Q&A
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Skin cancer risk and protection needs vary by skin type, latitude and exposure.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: Age-friendly environments (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Programme page, periodically updated
- Population:
- Older adults and communities
- Evidence type:
- Policy framework
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Describes system-level conditions, not individual entitlements.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
World Health Organization
World Health Organization: UN Decade of Healthy Ageing (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Initiative page, periodically updated
- Population:
- Older adults, global
- Evidence type:
- Policy framework
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Policy commitments rather than individual guidance.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
Wellthspan Advisory
Wellthspan Advisory: Longevity Literacy 2.0 framework interpretation (author's structuring of the topic)- Published:
- 2026
- Population:
- General adult audience
- Evidence type:
- Framework interpretation and planning principle
- Scope:
- International
- Limitations:
- Not a research finding, not a personal recommendation, not a suitability assessment. Reflection prompt only.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
AHV/IV Information Centre (Swiss social insurance institutions)
AHV/IV Information Centre (Swiss social insurance institutions): Old-age and survivors' insurance (OASI / AHV) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official information pages, periodically updated
- Population:
- People insured under Swiss OASI
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Contribution and pension rules change. Individual entitlement must be confirmed by a compensation office.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
Swiss Confederation (Fedlex)
Swiss Confederation (Fedlex): Federal Act on Old-Age and Survivors' Insurance (OASI Act) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Consolidated federal legislation
- Population:
- People insured under Swiss OASI
- Evidence type:
- Primary legislation
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Legislation is amended over time; the consolidated version must be checked at the date of use.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
AHV/IV Information Centre
AHV/IV Information Centre: Invalidity insurance (IV / DI) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official information pages, periodically updated
- Population:
- People insured under Swiss invalidity insurance
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Eligibility is assessed case by case by the cantonal IV office.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
AHV/IV Information Centre
AHV/IV Information Centre: Supplementary benefits (EL / PC) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official information pages, periodically updated
- Population:
- OASI or IV pension recipients resident in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Amounts and thresholds change and are assessed individually, with cantonal differences in implementation.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
AHV/IV Information Centre
AHV/IV Information Centre: Leaflets and forms (official memos on contributions, pensions and benefits) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official leaflets, updated annually
- Population:
- People insured in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Figures are year-specific. Always use the current-year leaflet.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch (Swiss authorities' information portal)
ch.ch (Swiss authorities' information portal): Retirement (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People living or insured in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- General orientation only; scheme rules and cantonal practice differ.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Retirement income (three pillars) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People living or insured in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Pillar 2 and 3a rules depend on scheme regulations, employment status and current federal rules.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Preparing for retirement (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People approaching retirement in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Pension-versus-capital options and deadlines are set by each pension fund's regulations.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Insurance (social and private insurance overview) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People living in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Cover depends on contract and statutory conditions.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Health insurance (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People resident in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Premiums, models and cantonal subsidies differ; conditions change annually.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Health insurance costs (premiums, deductible, retention) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People resident in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Deductible options and cost-sharing rules change; check the current year.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
Swiss Confederation (Fedlex)
Swiss Confederation (Fedlex): Swiss Civil Code (advance care directive, Vorsorgeauftrag / mandate in case of incapacity, succession law) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Consolidated federal legislation
- Population:
- People subject to Swiss civil law
- Evidence type:
- Primary legislation
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Formal requirements are strict and case-specific. The English version is a translation without legal force; take legal advice.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
Spitex Schweiz (national association of home-care organisations)
Spitex Schweiz (national association of home-care organisations): Spitex — home care in Switzerland (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Association website, periodically updated
- Population:
- People needing care at home in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Sector information
- Scope:
- Cantonal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Availability, financing and waiting times differ by canton and municipality. Not an official federal source.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Housing (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People living in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Adaptation funding and support vary by canton, insurer and tenure.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), Swiss Confederation
National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), Swiss Confederation: National Cyber Security Centre — reporting and prevention (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official site, continuously updated
- Population:
- General public in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official prevention guidance
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Fraud methods evolve; guidance is general and not tailored to a bank's contract terms.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Work (employment, dismissal, self-employment) (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People working in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- Employment and unemployment-insurance conditions are specific to the individual situation.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
ch.ch
ch.ch: Health (opens in a new tab)- Published:
- Official portal, periodically updated
- Population:
- People living in Switzerland
- Evidence type:
- Official administrative information
- Scope:
- Federal (Switzerland)
- Limitations:
- General orientation; clinical questions belong with a health professional.
- Last reviewed:
- 30 August 2026
- Reviewer status:
- Author review (Nadine Esposito). No independent clinical, legal or actuarial review.
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